Tugas 4 ( Softskill )

·       Waste

Do not waste time, because real time is money.

·       Award

A hard worker and willing to work, are entitled to an award.

·       Leisure

Leisure will be needed to eliminate the sense of fatigue someone.

·       Trekking

Maybe a trekking into the mountains is very fun.

·       Ordinary

Sometimes, justice is only sympathetic to the rich than the ordinary  person.

·       Remember

I always remember the advice my father and mother, because I know that’s the best for me.

·       Save

Gift’s given by the father and mother will I save.

·       Jogging

Sunday morning is a sultable activity to jogging.

Tugas 3 ( Softskill )

1.    If you spend lots of hours in front if TV, that means you just Waste your precious time.

2.    When an actor receives an award his become double.

3.    Leisure activities have the same meaning as the free time activities.

4.    Maybe an ordinary person in the street doesn’t know this.

5.    Trekking is a long difficult journey.

JAKARTA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

        Jakarta International School is a private, international school in Jakarta, Indonesia. It was established in 1951 for expatriate students living in Jakarta and is the largest international primary and secondary school in Indonesia.  The rape of a five-year old boy in the toilets of the prestigious Jakarta International School  has shocked the expatriate community and prompted a discussion in Indonesia about the prevalence of child sex abuse. Society really feel sad with the sodomy case of sexual abuse revealed in the Jakarta International School (JIS), let alone turned out to be one of the six suspects is women who are actively involved in acts of sexual abuse committed by the perpetrators. The official statement of the growing concerns of Jakarta Internatinal School was deemed too late because Dirjend Ministry of National Childhood Education decided to close the kindergarten Jakarta Internatinal School (JIS) per 22 April 2014. Black cloud continues to haunt the country as a result of sexual crimes that happened a kindergarten student at the Jakarta International School (JIS). This case is not finished completely because there are still things that becomes the tail for the tragedy. One of them is a school that is supposed to be the safest place second after the home, instead of feeling a sense of security claimed parents after the devastating tragedy. The ripple effect would be bad for the image of education in Indonesia. Not easy for parents to re-believe in the educational institutions, particularly at institutional Jakarta International School.

 Harassment cases this may not be the first to occur in the world of education in Indonesia and may also not be the last. But this case is clearly a mental disability and psychiatric indications some of our society. Parents of students at JIS certainly never expected this event. By paying an expensive education, they think had ensure the safety and comfort of their children. They may also not be assumed that international schools since 1951 it stood at a cost that is not cheap per year was still save employees 'mental illness'. School as a place to gain knowledge or education is always save a lot of stories. Regardless of the level of expensive education costs vary, but the school remains as a temporary place for children to learn. School will never be the best place for a child to learn, regardless of expensive. Never underestimate the house, as a child's learning. This is actually the best place for a child to learn.

 Only there are child safety and comfort are guaranteed a learning. Principal Tim Carr said the school was cooperating fully with the authorities and have made changes to security, including the placement of closed circuit TV cameras, after being told of the attacks. It also offers support and advice to parents.

Police have also urged other parents at the school to check on their children's behavior and report anything suspicious. CASE violence against a number of kindergarten children in Jakarta International School (JIS) to proving weak role of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud) based in overseeing international schools. Not only is it important to evaluate the existence of the entire international school based in Indonesia, but it is also important to increase public awareness of the role of base and involvement of parents and all stakeholders in the educational process of their children. The principles of the safety of children in schools should be elaborated jointly between government, parents, teachers, and school management. JIS itself now become the center of public attention due to a case of sexual harassment. A kindergarten student JIS abused janitor to trauma. The victim's parents also plans to sue the school and asked for protection to the Witness and Victim Protection Agency. I hope this incident is not repeated in Indonesia, because it is very detrimental to the future of the nation.

          The news quickly spread and is still the subject of lively discussion in the news and the internet. Not only on the case, now more skewed rumors about the international schools, namely that TK Jakarta International School does not have permission. JIS only have permission to set up a primary school and did not have permission to kindergarten.

The incident is very unfortunate, because the victim would be harmed not only physical but also psychological. And according to news circulating in the media, the victim also infected with herpes disease due to adverse events were experienced at Jakarta International School tersebu school. Not only parents, but certainly the whole society premises who know this news is very upset and angry with the perpetrators of the act. This incident should also certainly be a concern for other schools in Indonesia, not only the level of kindergarten, but of course also the whole school level in order to avoid similar things in the future. And for the parents would also have to always pay attention and kept an eye on the son / daughter of his, in order to avoid the things that befall unwanted son / daughter. Hopefully the future will no longer similar events that befall the children both within the school and outside of school. Once again, of course the role of parents is also needed to keep the son / daughter, because the incident could happen anywhere, not just in school but when your son / daughter play can also be used by people who are not responsible.

2014 ELECTION

The general election is a way to select representatives of the people. therefore, for a country that assume itself as a democratic country, the election shall be held within a certain period. General election held within a period of five 5 years or when the momentum is directly and show the real government by the people. When a general election that all candidates who sat as organizers dream state and government also relies entirely on the will or the will of the people. people's choice is their choice and the best for them. Currently the interest rate but the Indonesian people to politics and the election was very low. The decline in the public interest and involvement in politics voters and the election would be bad news for political parties, especially for Indonesian democracy emerging. For that, of course need to work or the right strategy for participation level increased again in the 2014 election that will soon take place, which is dated 9 April 2014. Election useful as a means of popular sovereignty embodiment, the means to remove the constitutionally leader, a means for political leaders to gain legitimacy and a means for people to participate in the political process. Willingness and ability to participate comes from within the community itself. This means that despite being given the opportunity by the government or the state, but if the will is not there then participation will not be realized.

2014 Legislative Elections in sight, April 9, will be the party of democracy for all Indonesian citizens who have had the right to vote, in contrast to most of the people who are apathetic related to the democratic party, legislative elections for those who merely ceremonial once every 5 years organized by the government. In every organization of pileg or General Election (Election) that both the presidential and other elections, a phenomenon that is definitely in the spotlight is the number Abstentions (White Group), which is often in the campaign for by the parties are not satisfied with the results for the democracy. Abstentions phenomenon is actually not occurred since 1999 or post-reform always increase until 2009. But this abstentions phenomenon began to emerge in 1971 which is the first election after the '66 student movement forces change the order of the length of Sukarno become the new order of the Soeharto regime. Looking at data and facts can take the conclusion, post-reform electoral conditions or more precisely when large campaign about democracy in Indonesia faucet open, occurs reality irony in the eyes of democracy "he" was growing in the maturation process. For that we need a role with all people in this country are aware of this in order to immediately improve. Therefore, it is important we know the background or reason to the people-now's rather than selecting the right voice abstentions. There are a few things that actually is not the intention of the voters, sometimes things go wrong from the organizers of the election in this case the General Elections Commission (KPU), such as lack of socialization elections to the general public and technical issues stemming from lack profesionalan portion of the fleet during this Commission. Not wrong end when the last election in 2009 referred to as the worst election in the history of elections in Indonesia since 1955. Beyond the technical errors, Apathy attitude in society that too often disappointed by the political elite created, also part of the contributing factor for this figure abstentions .

          I myself confused to choose which one candidate. How about you? Have you set your preferred candidate later? I was previously a candidate Pak Prabowo. I rate this man already has a clear vision and mission, already knowing what steps to learn later that he became President. What Jokowi? I do not know his vision and mission, yet still warm, he brought it into PDI-P candidate. Excess Pak Jokowi is directly descended see problems down the road. Indonesian society longed dreamed of a leader like this. Because so long as they are difficult to see their leader. You could say this Jokowi Leaders who care about good people, remember the good people. Election of President and vice-president of legislative elections held after 9 April 2014. Uses two-round system (two-round), the president and vice president are the couple who won more than fifty percent of the vote in the general election by at least twenty percent of the vote in each provnsi spread across more than half the amount of the provision in Indonesia.

          Beginning of Jokowi power in Jakarta is famous for activities that directly plunge into the field. Jokowi blusukan known to be a hobby, a number of the official inauguration only be done in the community. prabowo while the presidential candidate who is also known by its violence first. he also never insinuated Jokowi when executing his campaign. In his campaign speech, Prabowo attacking figure some leaders are assessed only a puppet and mencla mencle. Some people assessing the Prabowo criticism is a form of sarcasm to Jakarta Governor Joko Widodo. He argued, only Prabowo was the only candidate who dared to show the work program to the community compared to other candidate. but others with Jokowi, He submitted to it to the public vote. Indonesia, he added, is a democratic country. Everyone is entitled to argue. Presidential candidate of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle is reluctant to respond to comments Gerindra Chairman of the Board of Trustees, which also nyapres Prabowo. Jokowi said did not want to make things "hot".

GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY

originally a high school graduation confused want to go to college what. public or private. but at that time I've tried SMPTN. but basically I was not sure if I can get away SMPTN intended. besides I am not sure, my dad also disagree. My choice is due to chance UNIP located in Semarang. My father could not be said to be far from me. because my son's father closest hehe. therefore my father entered Gunadarma choice. even then Gunadarma Kalimalang close from home.

I entered Gunadarma because I happened to get a scholarship. scholarships that I can when the brother of a senior in high school Gunadarma held my first tryout. My sister called fanny, can be said to play a major role in regulating the registration there =)). he is also an alumni Gunadarma. once when my brother was a student Gunadarma, I often participate. so, I know it Gunadarma of my second sister who is hehe. to be honest, my choice of majors even ask my brother. as I know, it's the best in the future. in fact, my major in school is science. However, this lecture the world makes me confused to choose majors. finally, my sister and I agreed that I should take the management department.

Gunadarma can be regarded as tebaik Private Universities in Indonesia. because the IT field and boast fine day. not just the majors, the choir of Gunadarma has reached countries other than Indonesia. The Gunadarma, when held OSPEK first time that I feel has become an official student of Gunadarma. The event was a lot that I (the student) did. for example dancing with the senior sister who must already exist in the first Gunadarma. they teach us new students (Maba) in the world to learn the discipline of the course. they are also motivated to be more active in learning. because the world is not as beautiful lecture FTV movies =)). and many other subjects that I could not tell one by one.

UG always strive to continue to create a conducive academic atmosphere and harmonious relationship with the environment. Conducive academic atmosphere on the campus is based on the relationship between the academic community that includes faculty, students, and graduates. The relationship is not only related to the teaching and learning process in the classroom alone, but include social relationships outside the classroom that can support the creation of a conducive academic atmosphere. Interaction with the community is also based on the positive interdependence, including the interactions between students living around the campus with the surrounding community. On campus there are class rooms, library, laboratories, seminar rooms, auditoriums, senate chamber, BPM, meeting rooms, lecture rooms, conference academic advising, economic enterprises, employees and office pioneer, musalla and mosques, as well as sports areas. Classroom Gunadarma University has 167 classrooms. For the needs of the learning process of learning, each classroom is equipped with a means, among others, OHP, Tape Recorder, Microphone, Central Sound System, Computer Projector, Slide Projector and so on. Gunadarma University Auditorium located on the campus auditorium D - Depok and Campus A - Walnuts. D Campus Auditorium located on the 4th floor in building 6, and the auditorium can contain about 300 people. The campus D Gunadarma University also provides a counter BAAK , or campus administration bureau in charge of providing information about the activities and student life, such as: obtaining a letter, essay assignment, construction administration, as well as space BPLK (University Dictionary Environmental Management Agency) to take care of borrowing room / place in the environment campus.

KALIMALANG RIVER

Our city, Bekasi, is divided into two by a river which we call it Kalimalang (means transecting river) due to its flow across the middle of city. Kalimalang river was mentioned in our revolution history when people in the city involved in the independence war against colonialism in October, 1945. The prisoners of war failed to be saved from the slaughter which took place at the river bank and made the river water red of human blood. Today, Kalimalang river has another significant role as water supply for Jakarta city and the neighboring areas. The Drink Water Company, Palyja, depends on Kalimalang for their water to be processed into tap water and distribute it to the whole Jakarta city. Kalimalang is a time or rivers that supply water to the PAM (water company) that is now a commercial street. This road is also one way of commerce because it covers 6 districts. Located 20 kilometers from Cawang to the Bekasi area. Kalimalang road from New Cawang - Pondok Bambu - Cipinang Melayu - Coconut Cottage - Lampiri - Transito - Sources Arta - Jakapermai - galaxy - Earth Satria Kencana-and ended up at the Mall MetropolitanBekasi. Kalimalang raw water source is derived from Jatiluhur, Purwakarta. Flowing trace Cikampek, Cikarang, Cibitung, Tambun and Bekasi.

Kalimalang river itself actually is not the time or the nature of the river , but manmade times . her intent in this river is to supply clean water from the reservoir . since that time the water quality in the area of ​​Bekasi to Jakarta is not suitable for consumption. Why call Kalimalang ? average time in West Java 's nature selalunya flows from south to north or north to south . because the beach in West Java is located in the north and the south . but Kalimalang river from east to west and transversely between existing natural time . So Kalimalang made ​​its position above the natural river flows from south to north . to details can be seen in the Malay Cipinang Kalimalang position is above the times sunter with crossed position towards the north Kalimalang sunter westward . Until now Kalimalang into rivers that supply water from the reservoir , the river never dry season despite drought came . the more unique each of our country 's independence day celebrations this river into a party of the people to hold a traditional competitions . Since when and by whom in her Kalimalang we still have not mendapaatkan source and clear information , some say this Kalimalang Dutch colonial some that say made ​​in conjunction with Jatilahur reservoir . The river is clear among the most unique .. because it turns out there is a river above the river.

Kalimalang latter term is identical to the way that is beside the time. So, Kalimalang are times that derived from the Citarum River (cmiiw), which also serves to supply drinking water to 80% of Jakarta. Habits People always throw trash and defecate coupled with other activities such as bathing children make Kalimalang become unhygienic water again, but Kalimalang water is a source of raw water for the water needs of the majority of the river 's flow into the territory East Jakarta and Bekasi area. Coupled with the presence of a mound of rubbish on the edge this time kumplit already resulted in the river water pollution problems we Kalimalang this. As it has been said that the next mayor of Bekasi will be held jobs related to flood management in Bekasi, one of which is the construction workmanship Chiffon Kali Malang budget using using state budget funds and a grant from the Asian Development Bank. WTC Irrigation channel which divides the city of Bekasi from east to west and Bekasi River which divides from south to north. Later both the river flow will rely around the weir Bekasi , Bekasi. From Bekasi Weir , Kali Malang water that has been united with the water supplied to the Bekasi River westward to areas of Jakarta , in addition to maintaining the quality of raw water from Jatiluhur, separation WTC Irrigation Channels with Kali Bekasi can also minimize flooding to urban areas.

However, it was still able to process the water becomes clean water to be consumed after processing must be adjusted to the Act 7 of 2004 on Water Resources , Article 59. Because if not , the higher the level of pollution in the water , and more and more chemicals are used . The use of chemicals widely , increase production costs are charged to the selling price of water to the public. The water flowing in the river Kalimalang now become more turbid than usual. Water color appear more black, and at first glance like greasy. According Muchtar, Chairman of RT 03 Cipinang Malay village, Kecamat Makassar, East Jakarta, river water always looks more black every morning. Until now not known what affect the change in color of the river water. Many people are worried about changes in water color and oil streams affect groundwater commonly drunk people. Although not yet studied, Suspected cause of murky river water due to heavy rain which flushed Bogor and Jakarta almost every night. although it looks more turbid water, raw water supply for Jakarta is still safe.

TRANSJAKARTA

TransJakarta is a bus rapid transit system in Jakarta, Indonesia. It was the first system in Southern and Southeast Asia. The TransJakarta system began operations on January 25, 2004. As of February 14, 2013 the 12th corridor was added officially, with 3 more currently corridors in progress. TransJakarta was designed to provide Jakarta citizens with a fast public transportation system to help reduce rush hour traffic. The buses run in special lanes and ticket prices are subsidized by the regional government. At the 10th years of TransJakarta operation anniversary, the buses carried more than 350,000 passengers per day with more than 500 buses in operation and more than a hundred in maintenace and for reserve. The first TransJakarta line opened to the public on January 15, 2004. Following two weeks in which it was free to use, commercial operations started on February 1, 2004. TransJakarta was built to provide a fast, comfortable, and affordable mass transportation system. To accomplish those objectives, the buses were given lanes restricted to other traffic and separated by concrete blocks on the streets that became part of the busway routes.

There were some initial teething problems, such as when the roof of one of the buses rammed into a railway tunnel. In addition, many buses had technical issues such as broken doors and stop buttons. In order to promote gender equity, TransJakarta is increasing the number of female driver recruits. The projected proportion is 30% of the total. From January to July 2010 there were 237 accidents involving TransJakarta buses, resulting in 57 injuries and eight deaths. Accidents occurred due to pedestrians crossing the busway and cars making u-turns. In 2011, in an effort to stop non TransJakarta vehicles using the bus lanes, the Jakarta Police Chief suggested that TransJakarta buses should run against the direction of traffic flow. Usually non-TransJakarta vehicles used busway lanes during peak hours between 6 a.m. to 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. On January 12, 2012 a policeman from Indonesian Police Headquarters, who is hired by Securicor, fired his gun near the ear of a TransJakarta officer, after threatening to kill him. The policeman was angry after the TransJakarta officer stopped the Securicor car from entering the busway lane which only allows TransJakarta buses, ambulances and firefighter to enter. The police spokesman said that the policeman will be charged by criminal law or disciplinary sanction.

On March 12, 2012 four TransJakarta buses were hijacked by alleged university students at the Medan Merdeka Selatan street. The buses were then driven to the front of the Universitas Kristen Indonesia (Christian University of Indonesia) campus. Three drivers were able to escape from their buses, but one driver was prevented from leaving and forced to drive the hijackers to their destination. Bus' fire extinguishers, glass-breaking hammers and driver's jackets were also taken. TransJakarta also operates Chinese-made Huanghai, Zhongtong, Ankai, local-made Komodo and Inobus articulated buses on long and straight corridors, such as Corridor 5. Each bus is equipped with an electronic board and speakers that announce the name of shelters in two languages, Indonesian and English. Each bus is also equipped with a bi-directional radio transceiver to allow the driver to provide and recaive updated information regarding traffic jams, road accidents or lost items. To keep the air fresh, especially during rush hours each bus is equipped with automatic air freshener dispensers which periodically spray car fragrance. In August 2011, TransJakarta operator has installed cameras on one bus for a trial period. The plan is to install 4 cameras on all buses gradually in efforts to improve services such as to inform passengers waiting for buses about how crowded approaching buses are and prevent sexual harassment on its service

The cost of a TransJakarta ticket since its initial operation is a flat rate of Rp 2,000 at concessional times (05.00a.m. to 07.00a.m.) and Rp 3,500 all other times. Passengers who wish to change direction or transit to other corridors do not need to pay again, provided they do not exit the shelter. An exception is in effect at the line terminus. During rush hours, people from upper or middle classes (one of the main targets of TransJakarta) usually prefer to use private cars or taxis to avoid inconvenience of the overcrowded Transjakarta buses even though they have to bear with traffic jams instead. Many passengers are thus lower-middle-class people who are ex-users of other less comfortable and/or more expensive commercial buses. This situation is at odds with one of the initial objectives of  TransJakarta which was to reduce traffic jam during rush hours by persuading private car owners to use comfortable public transport. There is a special program for the student groups called Transjakarta goes to school. Participants in program there are assigned a dedicated bus. The aim is to train students to stand in line, be decent, and prefer public transport than personal vehicles. In essence, the existence of TransJakarta is very useful for Jakarta residents and surrounding.

TOEIC

A. THEORY TOEIC

TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication) is an English proficiency test for people whose native language is not English. TOEIC test scores indicate how well people can communicate in English with others in a global work environment. The test does not require specialized knowledge or vocabulary, this test only measures the type of English used in everyday activities.

There are some differences, between TOEIC and TOEFL. In terms of purpose, TOEFL is used for academic interest. While TOEIC is used to look for work, business, and communication. So, TOEIC as a life skill, more to the application, because every day in practice.

Then, in a comparison of the assessment results were different. For the TOEFL, more to the value to individuals and institutions only. While TOEIC, in addition to individual scores are also useful in the certificate, benchmarking reports and analysis. Another difference seen in this type of test. Therefore, in TOIEC tested only listening and reading alone. Unlike the TOEFL also includes speaking and writing tests.

B. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TOEFL AND TOIEC

However, when viewed from the side and age requirements, will be chosen which should be used. For example, students need more than TOIEC TOEFL. This is because the subjects they still contained writing. However, beyond that, there is also supposed to be in TOIEC for writing exercises. Because, however, this ability is also needed in the world of work.

In addition, because TOIEC using international standards, perhaps naturally, if the price of the test is expensive. Reportedly, all tests require funding of about 400 thousand per person. This price can be quite high for the general public, especially for students. Not everyone is able to fulfill it. Unlike the TOEFL that 'pretty' affordable, enough with 30 thousand only, the test can be performed. It becomes an other considerations to weigh between these two types of tests. Thus, matching the content of 'doku'-lah.

Referensi : http://ester-myblog.blogspot.com/2011/04/toefl-dan-toeic.html

TEFL

TEFL is an acronym which stands for Teaching English as a Foreign Language. TEFL is most often used to describe the profession of Teaching English as a Foreign Language. It is one of the most commonly used acronyms in the language training industry. TEFL is used similarly to TESOL and TESL. Many people consider the three acronyms to be almost interchangeable.

1.    Acquisition Vs Learning

1)   Acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.

2.   For example, all of this is bound up with the age child and what happens to us as our brains develop and grow. Language acquisition is guaranteed for children up to the age of six, is steadily compromised from then until shortly after puberty, and is rare thereafter’ (Pinker 1994:293). However, at around the time of puberty, children start to develop an ability for abstraction which makes them better learners, but may also make them less able to respond to language on a purely instinctive level.

2)   Learning is the human activity which least needs manipulation by others. Most learning is not the result of instruction. It is rather the result of unhampered participation in a meaningful setting.

For example, they had asked students to study grammar; they had explained vocabulary and taught paragraph organization. But it didn’t seem to be working and it did not feel right. How would it be, they wondered, if they abandoned all that and instead devoted their efforts to exposing students to English and getting them to use it, particularly given that they were highly motivated to learn.

Finally, the suggestion that acquisition and learning are such separate processes that learnt language cannot be part of the acquired store is not verifiable unless we are able to get inside the learner’s brains.

3.     Innatism, Behaviorism, and Interactionism

1)   Innatism is believes that human beings were born with language acquisition devices in their brain which contains language universals. The language development is a biological function development. Noam Chomsky is the main person for this theory. He suggested that there is no need to teach children language since all children were born with an innate ability to discover themselves. His idea also links to critical period hypothesis which it stated that one would have a very hard time to learn or master one language after they passed a certain period of time, usually before the puberty. Innatism view language as a create process, and they treat environment as nourishment to support the use of the language.

2)   Behaviorism is sometimes derided and its contribution to language teaching practice heavily criticized. Behaviorist believes that environment plays a very important role in acquiring language, especially during children early language development.S.F. Skinner was the person who best known of this theory. He emphasized the importance of imitation and repetition in learning process. Children got “positive reinforcement” during the learning process, thus encouraged them to repeat the same words or phrases, practice and more practice, gradually they would produce the words or phrases by forming “habits”, so that children could acquire language. However, the behaviorism cannot fully explain how children acquire language because children are not only imitating same words or phrases from adults; they also creating the new words and forming the new sentences.

3)   Interactionism is believes children learned language mainly through through interacting with people, included adults and their peers. This theory was represented by Swiss psychologists Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Piaget believes that children acquire language through their physical interactions with the environment. He also stated that language is a symbol system. Vygotsky concluded that children were able to have a high achievement if they would have the social interact with the others. This is his famous “zone of proximal development”.

4.     Input, Hypothesis – Comprehensible input

1)   The input hypothesis, also known as the monitor model, is a group of five hypotheses ofsecond-language acquisition developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen in the 1970s and 1980s. Krashen originally formulated the input hypothesis as just one of the five hypotheses, but over time the term has come to refer to the five hypotheses as a group. The hypotheses are the input hypothesis, the acquisition–learning hypothesis, the monitor hypothesis, the natural order hypothesis and the affective filter hypothesis. The input hypothesis was first published in 1977. The hypotheses puts primary importance on the comprehensible input (CI) that language learners are exposed to. Understanding spoken and written language input is seen as the only mechanism that results in the increase of underlying linguistic competence, and language output is not seen as having any effect on learners' ability. Furthermore, Krashen claimed that linguistic competence is only advanced when language is subconsciously acquired, and that conscious learning cannot be used as a source of spontaneous language production. Finally, learning is seen to be heavily dependent on the mood of the learner, with learning being impaired if the learner is under stress or does not want to learn the language. Krashen's hypotheses have been influential in language education, particularly in the United States, but have been criticised by academics. Two of the main criticisms are that the hypotheses are untestable, and that they assume a degree of separation between acquisition and learning that does not in fact exist. 

2)   Comprehensible Input, A hypothesis that learners will acquire language best when they are given the appropriate input.  The input should be easy enough that they can understand it, but just beyond their level of competence. If the learner is at level i, then input should come at level i+1. Comprehensible input is an essential component in Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis, where regulated input will lead to acquistion so long as the input is challenging, yet easy enough to understand without conscious effort at learning. One problem with this hypothesis is that i and i+1 are impossible to identify, though arguably teachers can develop an intuition for appropriate input. That is, teachers develop an intution of how to speak to be understood.

5.     Source Language – Target Language

1)   Source Language, Source Language as the name suggests is the language in which you will receive the document to translate into another language. A tip, source language should be the language which you have learnt and not necessarily your native language. This is the language which your client understands very well, so your expertize in this language can even be upto a moderate level. If you can comprehend this language very well, but cannot think much in this language, then its fine.

2)   Target Language ; The idea that students should be involved in ‘solving communication problems in the target language-that is, performing communicative tasks in which they have to (mostly) speak their way out of trouble-has given rise to Task-based language teaching. Task-based learning has at its core the idea that students learn better when engaged in meaning-based tasks than if they are concentrating on language forms just for their own sake. But that learning should grow out of the performance of communicative tasks rather than putting the learning first and following it by having students perform communicative tasks. For example, or it might happen because the teacher gives feedback on a task the students have just been involved in. focus on form is often incidental and opportunistic, growing out of tasks which students are involved in, rather than being pre-determined by a book or a syllabus.

Referensi : http://arjaenim.blogspot.com/2013/11/tefl.html

TOEFL

DEFINITIONS TOEFL

TOEFL stands for Test of English as a Foreign Of Language. TOEFL is a standardized English language skills in writing a person (de jure) which covers four aspects of mastery: Listening, Writing and Reading.Sistem TOEFL assessment using the conversion of each correct answer. The highest TOEFL score one could achieve is 675.

A. WHAT IS THE VALUE OF A PERSON TOEFL ENGLISH SKILLS ENSURE SOMEONE?

Generally, people understand that the English language is speaking, conversation, cas cis cus and so on. English cover 4 main skills: Listening (digestion words through hearing), Writing (digestion words through writing and grammar), reading (digestive meaning of a text language) and Speaking (able to pronounce it).

B. DEFINITIONS TOEFL

TOEFL is a standardized English language skills in writing a person which includes three aspects, namely :

• Listening

• Writing

• Reading

1. Reading

Reading is a collection of stories that have themes. This session usually consists of 50 questions with a time of 55 minutes to answer. A common strategy in working on the reading. Do not be too long reading about We actually do not have to really understand the way the story is about to be answering questions TOEFL test. Do not panic if they do not know the topic of the story has to answer to the information available in the story. Not necessary background knowledge to answer every story. Do not use a long time to analyze the answers. If unsure, guess or return to the question after all the questions have been completed.

2. Listening Comprehension

Listening Comprehension is the first part of the TOEFL test materials. This section consists of 50 questions in the answer sheet only available answer choices for each question.

The listening section consists of 3 types of conversations are listening to:

• Conversations short, long conversations, and a long story.

• Short Conversation: usually consists of 2 lines and dialogues between two speakers. There are 30 questions with 30 answers for this kind of conversation about this.

• Long Conversation: consists of several conversations between two people who will be used to answer questions. The number of questions for each conversation about 4 questions.

3. Structure and Written Expression

Written Expression is a matter that requires your knowledge of words contained in the matter. The general procedure forms of written expression working on the question is to look at the underlined word (choose directly which we think is the wrong word), If you can not choose, then read a complete sentence in the matter.

This type of question is a structure with multiple-choice questions which required knowledge of grammar. With Grammar you would think it is hard to understand but take it by following the tips below, you will be easy to work on such questions.

A few tips:

• Learn the sentence: To analyze what kind of response is needed to complete the sentence.

• Learn every answer in completing the sentence: Discard the answer that you think is incorrect in completing the sentence.

• When analyzing the answers, do not throw the wrong answer without a match with the sentence: Wrong answer generally be a correct sentence by itself. Wrong answer in general would be wrong to be used in completing a sentence.

DEVELOPMENT TOEFL

Toefl itself has several times experienced improvement by the provider agency, ets. Test TOEF forms ever introduced to the public, namely:

1) TOEFL Paper Based Test Consists of 3 sections: Listening, Structure, Reading Maximum Score: 677 2.TOEFL

2) Computer Based Test consists of 4 Section: Listening, Structure, Reading, Writing Maximum Score: 300 3.

3) TOEFL Internet Based Test consists of 4 sections: Listening, Reading, Writing, Speaking. Maximum score: 120.

Although officially, since the TOEFL Internet Based Test is introduced in the whole world, then type not apply anymore, but in fact until recently, the TOEFL Paper Based Test is still used widely in a variety of higher education institutions as well as for the recruitment of employees in Indonesia, or in the state- non-English speaking countries.

Referensi : http://studentnationaleducation.blogspot.com/2012/11/penjelasan-tentang-toefl-materi-toefl.html