TOEIC

A. THEORY TOEIC

TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication) is an English proficiency test for people whose native language is not English. TOEIC test scores indicate how well people can communicate in English with others in a global work environment. The test does not require specialized knowledge or vocabulary, this test only measures the type of English used in everyday activities.

There are some differences, between TOEIC and TOEFL. In terms of purpose, TOEFL is used for academic interest. While TOEIC is used to look for work, business, and communication. So, TOEIC as a life skill, more to the application, because every day in practice.

Then, in a comparison of the assessment results were different. For the TOEFL, more to the value to individuals and institutions only. While TOEIC, in addition to individual scores are also useful in the certificate, benchmarking reports and analysis. Another difference seen in this type of test. Therefore, in TOIEC tested only listening and reading alone. Unlike the TOEFL also includes speaking and writing tests.

B. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TOEFL AND TOIEC

However, when viewed from the side and age requirements, will be chosen which should be used. For example, students need more than TOIEC TOEFL. This is because the subjects they still contained writing. However, beyond that, there is also supposed to be in TOIEC for writing exercises. Because, however, this ability is also needed in the world of work.

In addition, because TOIEC using international standards, perhaps naturally, if the price of the test is expensive. Reportedly, all tests require funding of about 400 thousand per person. This price can be quite high for the general public, especially for students. Not everyone is able to fulfill it. Unlike the TOEFL that 'pretty' affordable, enough with 30 thousand only, the test can be performed. It becomes an other considerations to weigh between these two types of tests. Thus, matching the content of 'doku'-lah.

Referensi : http://ester-myblog.blogspot.com/2011/04/toefl-dan-toeic.html

TEFL

TEFL is an acronym which stands for Teaching English as a Foreign Language. TEFL is most often used to describe the profession of Teaching English as a Foreign Language. It is one of the most commonly used acronyms in the language training industry. TEFL is used similarly to TESOL and TESL. Many people consider the three acronyms to be almost interchangeable.

1.    Acquisition Vs Learning

1)   Acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.

2.   For example, all of this is bound up with the age child and what happens to us as our brains develop and grow. Language acquisition is guaranteed for children up to the age of six, is steadily compromised from then until shortly after puberty, and is rare thereafter’ (Pinker 1994:293). However, at around the time of puberty, children start to develop an ability for abstraction which makes them better learners, but may also make them less able to respond to language on a purely instinctive level.

2)   Learning is the human activity which least needs manipulation by others. Most learning is not the result of instruction. It is rather the result of unhampered participation in a meaningful setting.

For example, they had asked students to study grammar; they had explained vocabulary and taught paragraph organization. But it didn’t seem to be working and it did not feel right. How would it be, they wondered, if they abandoned all that and instead devoted their efforts to exposing students to English and getting them to use it, particularly given that they were highly motivated to learn.

Finally, the suggestion that acquisition and learning are such separate processes that learnt language cannot be part of the acquired store is not verifiable unless we are able to get inside the learner’s brains.

3.     Innatism, Behaviorism, and Interactionism

1)   Innatism is believes that human beings were born with language acquisition devices in their brain which contains language universals. The language development is a biological function development. Noam Chomsky is the main person for this theory. He suggested that there is no need to teach children language since all children were born with an innate ability to discover themselves. His idea also links to critical period hypothesis which it stated that one would have a very hard time to learn or master one language after they passed a certain period of time, usually before the puberty. Innatism view language as a create process, and they treat environment as nourishment to support the use of the language.

2)   Behaviorism is sometimes derided and its contribution to language teaching practice heavily criticized. Behaviorist believes that environment plays a very important role in acquiring language, especially during children early language development.S.F. Skinner was the person who best known of this theory. He emphasized the importance of imitation and repetition in learning process. Children got “positive reinforcement” during the learning process, thus encouraged them to repeat the same words or phrases, practice and more practice, gradually they would produce the words or phrases by forming “habits”, so that children could acquire language. However, the behaviorism cannot fully explain how children acquire language because children are not only imitating same words or phrases from adults; they also creating the new words and forming the new sentences.

3)   Interactionism is believes children learned language mainly through through interacting with people, included adults and their peers. This theory was represented by Swiss psychologists Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Piaget believes that children acquire language through their physical interactions with the environment. He also stated that language is a symbol system. Vygotsky concluded that children were able to have a high achievement if they would have the social interact with the others. This is his famous “zone of proximal development”.

4.     Input, Hypothesis – Comprehensible input

1)   The input hypothesis, also known as the monitor model, is a group of five hypotheses ofsecond-language acquisition developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen in the 1970s and 1980s. Krashen originally formulated the input hypothesis as just one of the five hypotheses, but over time the term has come to refer to the five hypotheses as a group. The hypotheses are the input hypothesis, the acquisition–learning hypothesis, the monitor hypothesis, the natural order hypothesis and the affective filter hypothesis. The input hypothesis was first published in 1977. The hypotheses puts primary importance on the comprehensible input (CI) that language learners are exposed to. Understanding spoken and written language input is seen as the only mechanism that results in the increase of underlying linguistic competence, and language output is not seen as having any effect on learners' ability. Furthermore, Krashen claimed that linguistic competence is only advanced when language is subconsciously acquired, and that conscious learning cannot be used as a source of spontaneous language production. Finally, learning is seen to be heavily dependent on the mood of the learner, with learning being impaired if the learner is under stress or does not want to learn the language. Krashen's hypotheses have been influential in language education, particularly in the United States, but have been criticised by academics. Two of the main criticisms are that the hypotheses are untestable, and that they assume a degree of separation between acquisition and learning that does not in fact exist. 

2)   Comprehensible Input, A hypothesis that learners will acquire language best when they are given the appropriate input.  The input should be easy enough that they can understand it, but just beyond their level of competence. If the learner is at level i, then input should come at level i+1. Comprehensible input is an essential component in Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis, where regulated input will lead to acquistion so long as the input is challenging, yet easy enough to understand without conscious effort at learning. One problem with this hypothesis is that i and i+1 are impossible to identify, though arguably teachers can develop an intuition for appropriate input. That is, teachers develop an intution of how to speak to be understood.

5.     Source Language – Target Language

1)   Source Language, Source Language as the name suggests is the language in which you will receive the document to translate into another language. A tip, source language should be the language which you have learnt and not necessarily your native language. This is the language which your client understands very well, so your expertize in this language can even be upto a moderate level. If you can comprehend this language very well, but cannot think much in this language, then its fine.

2)   Target Language ; The idea that students should be involved in ‘solving communication problems in the target language-that is, performing communicative tasks in which they have to (mostly) speak their way out of trouble-has given rise to Task-based language teaching. Task-based learning has at its core the idea that students learn better when engaged in meaning-based tasks than if they are concentrating on language forms just for their own sake. But that learning should grow out of the performance of communicative tasks rather than putting the learning first and following it by having students perform communicative tasks. For example, or it might happen because the teacher gives feedback on a task the students have just been involved in. focus on form is often incidental and opportunistic, growing out of tasks which students are involved in, rather than being pre-determined by a book or a syllabus.

Referensi : http://arjaenim.blogspot.com/2013/11/tefl.html

TOEFL

DEFINITIONS TOEFL

TOEFL stands for Test of English as a Foreign Of Language. TOEFL is a standardized English language skills in writing a person (de jure) which covers four aspects of mastery: Listening, Writing and Reading.Sistem TOEFL assessment using the conversion of each correct answer. The highest TOEFL score one could achieve is 675.

A. WHAT IS THE VALUE OF A PERSON TOEFL ENGLISH SKILLS ENSURE SOMEONE?

Generally, people understand that the English language is speaking, conversation, cas cis cus and so on. English cover 4 main skills: Listening (digestion words through hearing), Writing (digestion words through writing and grammar), reading (digestive meaning of a text language) and Speaking (able to pronounce it).

B. DEFINITIONS TOEFL

TOEFL is a standardized English language skills in writing a person which includes three aspects, namely :

• Listening

• Writing

• Reading

1. Reading

Reading is a collection of stories that have themes. This session usually consists of 50 questions with a time of 55 minutes to answer. A common strategy in working on the reading. Do not be too long reading about We actually do not have to really understand the way the story is about to be answering questions TOEFL test. Do not panic if they do not know the topic of the story has to answer to the information available in the story. Not necessary background knowledge to answer every story. Do not use a long time to analyze the answers. If unsure, guess or return to the question after all the questions have been completed.

2. Listening Comprehension

Listening Comprehension is the first part of the TOEFL test materials. This section consists of 50 questions in the answer sheet only available answer choices for each question.

The listening section consists of 3 types of conversations are listening to:

• Conversations short, long conversations, and a long story.

• Short Conversation: usually consists of 2 lines and dialogues between two speakers. There are 30 questions with 30 answers for this kind of conversation about this.

• Long Conversation: consists of several conversations between two people who will be used to answer questions. The number of questions for each conversation about 4 questions.

3. Structure and Written Expression

Written Expression is a matter that requires your knowledge of words contained in the matter. The general procedure forms of written expression working on the question is to look at the underlined word (choose directly which we think is the wrong word), If you can not choose, then read a complete sentence in the matter.

This type of question is a structure with multiple-choice questions which required knowledge of grammar. With Grammar you would think it is hard to understand but take it by following the tips below, you will be easy to work on such questions.

A few tips:

• Learn the sentence: To analyze what kind of response is needed to complete the sentence.

• Learn every answer in completing the sentence: Discard the answer that you think is incorrect in completing the sentence.

• When analyzing the answers, do not throw the wrong answer without a match with the sentence: Wrong answer generally be a correct sentence by itself. Wrong answer in general would be wrong to be used in completing a sentence.

DEVELOPMENT TOEFL

Toefl itself has several times experienced improvement by the provider agency, ets. Test TOEF forms ever introduced to the public, namely:

1) TOEFL Paper Based Test Consists of 3 sections: Listening, Structure, Reading Maximum Score: 677 2.TOEFL

2) Computer Based Test consists of 4 Section: Listening, Structure, Reading, Writing Maximum Score: 300 3.

3) TOEFL Internet Based Test consists of 4 sections: Listening, Reading, Writing, Speaking. Maximum score: 120.

Although officially, since the TOEFL Internet Based Test is introduced in the whole world, then type not apply anymore, but in fact until recently, the TOEFL Paper Based Test is still used widely in a variety of higher education institutions as well as for the recruitment of employees in Indonesia, or in the state- non-English speaking countries.

Referensi : http://studentnationaleducation.blogspot.com/2012/11/penjelasan-tentang-toefl-materi-toefl.html

Everyday Life (Kehidupan Sehari-Hari)

Family

Hello my name Veny. 19th is my age. I was born of a very great man. Mother and father were very patient person in educating children and very affectionate towards children. I was the third child of four siblings. I was born from a simple family. For me, it was not a happy family to be rich, the rich are not necessarily happier life. Enough with this family as I have been very grateful to God. I have a father and a wonderful mother. Likewise with older sister and my younger brother, i love him, although sometimes they often make me annoyed.

 

In 2007 my father was diagnosed with kidney failure. At that time I, Mamah, brother and sister was devastated once. Until now, my father is still undergoing regular dialysis (cuci darah). Dialysis in medical science can not cure, but can only extend the life of my father. But I try to take a lesson from it all. The lesson, I became closer to my father. My father also became more careful in regulating diet. My father was a very strong and powerful. Dad was also a patient person, I learned a lot from him. Without my father I do not know what to do.

Mother is also a great person like dad. My mother was a very strong person. Whatever he does to the happiness of her children. One thing I learned from mom "better in the hate, rather than having to hate". Mom always said "love people who hate you". But, for me it was not easy but continuously mother taught me. Mothers are very special people. She never complained, even though I know he's tired of the work. I do not know what if there is no mother. I love you mom.

My sister is two vina and fanny. Both were excellent and very dear to me. My sister named fanny very clever in managing finances mother and father, and she was a good cook. If vina, she is also good, but she is not good at cooking like a fanny. First as a child, my siblings were like twins, although not actually twins. However, my mother used to always give the same clothes for both of them. Until finally they got married. And which one has been brought by husband to Semarang. And until he possessed a boy named Ahnaf. She is cute and adorable.

Lastly there is a younger brother named wisnu. There is a funny story from my mother. Said the mother, once while I was still in the womb, I am in the prediction by the doctor that is coming out later boys =)). Because my father and mother had two daughters. After childbirth the doctor and my mother surprised "why girls again?" Ahahaha I laughed out loud when I get to tell it to me. Mother finally getting a boy, and as a child he was very funny. Broomstick he had a continuous break. Because once he was inspired by the movie 'kera sakti': D

Best Friends

Initially it was a high school class. My friend called intan. He's a good friend, he does not talk much, not like most children now. I used to sit in class X.2. I know intan when undergoing orientation. We used to play together, wherever both. But sometimes foursome hehe. Although I did not bench the same intan, but I was closer to him. My friend first named fani. He was also good and smart.

I followed the orientation period only once, because the condition of my body drop at that point. Should I need to take for 3 days, but due to the condition of the body which a sudden drop just once so I followed. In the period that I began to know the orientation of the intan. At first she was so quiet, but gradually a little chatty:-p. But, that's what makes me want to play on with him haha. intan type who firmly with the establishment. That's what I want an example of him. intan's have a strong soul. He is also very patient woman. Whatever he has to deal with a sense of patience. Best forever deh =)).

In the first class x I went to school and back to school is always the same intan and often eat in mcd for lunch. Almost every day we stopped by for lunch. After that I always stop by his house to just talk. Whatever we discussed. From the start is not important until important: D. Sometimes we both food messages via telephone. Whatever it is we are doing together. Photo by Alay style we've also done =)). if all story to tell not seem to be enough:-p. Essentially happy when playing with him deh hehe.

Today is increasingly changing. Not always I can be together classmates with intan. The increase in second grade and I could not begin with intan. But, still adjacent class hehe. Hum, start there has been not so close, but the friend's name does not have to go everywhere together. she have a busy life and I like it. Often they are often to the cafeteria together, chat together in front of the class. If the recall periods make miss high school. Moreover, he heard the story itself is often like a scene haha.

         In grade 3 I was not one room with intan. Until we finally determine the UN and lectures. The term is tantamount determine what we want to achieve in the future. Because my father away from his son as electronegative as can be. So I decided to take the Univ. Gunadarma. Incidentally intan there are also. Finally, we skip the 1st half. Had one when taking in high school yearbook, from there I can play with it took longer :).

Childhood

Childhood for me it's the most wonderful time. Where there is no burden of thinking that should be in thought and still do not know any problems. Back when I was a kid, my dad is still fresh and has not been sick once. My mother is still young, still beautiful hehe. Although now pretty well:-p. Hum, back when I was a kid, birthdays are always celebrated. Of age 2th to 12th was celebrated. Until my elementary school, my father and mother deliver school. If you remember the childhood world seems perfect. Childhood that I never forget is when I swim with a float tire wear dad hahahaha. 

when I was a kid, I was very close to the grandfather. He loves me. What I want will definitely comply. In contrast to my grandmother, because I am often asked me various kinds like in emergencies hehe. But I'm still loving grandmother. Naturally, if my grandmother like that, because what I want to buy cheap swordfish sometimes: '). Hum, but the little boy whose name is not yet know anything hihi. I also indulged my father. So, was shocked when the father was very ill and all-out once. Because the cost of dialysis is very expensive. But that does not diminish my gratitude to God :).

In the past I was a little nicknames marry. Because my body is very small hehe. As a child almost every day to go for a vacation. Do not forget holding my first father often. Holiday with family is an activity which I used to do. But, since the father was sick, everything is not as it used to. First time ill father, was a step in the mattress. Up to convince my family that my father was not old age anymore. But in fact thank God my father still survives to this day. Fear, sadness mixed together at the time of my father drop.

Sometimes remembering my old life was very unusual at all. I recall that, God will not give you a trial beyond the limits of one's ability. All my life is inversely proportional to the first current. But that's life. However must live with sincerity and patience. With the given ordeal like this I can take lessons, that no human being whose life continues happily. Life is like a spinning wheel. Sometimes we're up and sometimes we are under. Trials given it to strengthen us. Not make us weak :) 

One more childhood that I did not really forget. In the past when I was grade 3 to grade 6 elementary school I was a child singer. From 6th grade until now that I fakum of singing. Because I used to focus search for the best junior, would I not be able to compensate for my other activities. Especially vocal activity which I elaborated on that point. I am in learners by Alm. Imam Badawi. He is a great teacher, patient and caring. He also was trained in one of television contest shows that KDI. Said my mother, my singing talent has been seen since the age 2th: D. It is all childhood experience and I will never forget until whenever :-)

Have Something Done

Theory

Causative verb is a verb the main or principal use to declare that someone told or causing others do something, or could also showed that someone or something is not directly responsible to an action.
causative verb (e.g. have, get, make, force, let, allow, permit, help, cause, enable etc) used to express that the subject of the sentence causes perform an object sentence action (active form) or cause the object subjected sentence an action (passive form). In action form, the action performed by object sentences. There are two types is Active and Passive.
in the passive form the action is generally not performed by the subject line. Although sometimes the action can also be done by the subject of the sentence. Passive shape of offenders why do not accentuate the action, but rather highlight the occurrence of an action.

            Have something done, can use in situation where something bad has happened to people or their possession. “Get” and “Have” often used in the phrase ‘Have Something Done’.
the use of causative “have”. This structure talk about having something done by a third person. We want something to be done by somebody else.
have is usually used for having something done by somebody who is naturally doing that job.

Ø There are two forms of doing causative with “Have”, passive or active.

1.      Avtive form     :
Have + somebody + do (verb) + something.

Example          :

Mary had the nurse check her temperature.

2.      Passive form    :

Have + something + done (verb3) + by someone.

Example                      :

Mary had her temperature checked by the nurse.

            Whereas “Get” usually used to having something done by somebody whorm you persuade or deceive. For example, you persuade a friend to do your homeworks, or your sister tp clean your room. We use “get” when we say that the person reffered to in the subject of the sentence does something themselves, causes what happens, perhaps accidentally or is to blame for it.

Ø  There are two forms of doing causative with “get”, passive or active.

1.      Active form  :

Get + somebody + to do (verb1) + something

Example       :

She always gets her sister to clean her room

2.      Passive form            :

Get + something + done (verb3) + by someone)

Example       :

She always gets her room cleaned by her sister

NOTE : However both “have” and “get” possessed the difference. The differences between “have” and “get” something done are that have is slightly more formal than get, and get is more frequent in the imperative form.

Example

11.      Can you get someone to translate this letter

22.      They got their suits cleaned

33.      We’ll get the mechanic to repair out old car

44.      I must get this phone reformetted?

55.      Can you get your friend to help us?

66.      I had my hair cut yesterday

77.      They had the servant clean the garden.

88.      She had her eyes tested last mount

99.      He had his tooth extracted

110.  They are going to have them fixed

Excercise

11.      Your hair long. You need .......... (it/cut)

22.      If you can’t see properly, you should .......... (your eyes/test)

33.      Are thet going to paint the kitchen themselves, or .......... (it/paint)?

44.      We usually .......... (the bedrooms/redecorate) every two years.

55.      Sarah isn’t making her own wedding dress,she............(it/make) by a designer in italy

66.      ...................(you/ever/anything/steal) from your house?

77.      I’m going to do my food shopping online and i..............

88.      He didn’t fix his car himself, he...........(it/fix) at the garage

99.      I lost my key. I will have to.............(another key/make)

110.  When was the last time you..........(your hair/cut)

Judul : TOEFL PREPARATION GUIDE
Penulis : ROBBY LOU
Tahun : 2013
Penerbit : Mobile English EPlus